Battery swapping[edit]
Instead of recharging EVs from electric sockets, batteries could be mechanically replaced at special stations in a few minutes (battery swapping).
Batteries with greater energy density such as metal-air fuel cells cannot always be recharged in a purely electric way, so some form of mechanical recharge may be used instead. A zinc–air_battery, technically a fuel cell, is difficult to recharge electrically so may be "refueled" by periodically replacing the anode or electrolyte instead.[79]
Dynamic charging[edit]
| Type(and developer) | Power perreceiver(and powerpending furtherdevelopment) | Million SEKper km roadboth ways | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overhead powerlines (Siemens) | 650 kW(1000 kW) | 12.4 | [80]: 140–144 [81]: 23–24, 54 |
| Ground-level power supplythrough in-road rail(Elways and NCC consortium) | 200 kW(800 kW) | 9.4-10.5 | [80]: 146–149 [81]: 21–23, 54 |
| Ground-level power supplythrough on-road rail(Elonroad and ABB consortium) | 150 kW(500 kW) | 11.5-15.3 | [81]: 25–26, 54 |
| Wireless power transferthrough in-roadinductive coils (Electreon) | 25 kW(40 kW) | 19.5-20.8 | [80]: 171–172 [81]: 26–28, 54 |
TRL (formerly Transport Research Laboratory) lists three power delivery types for dynamic charging, or charging while the vehicle is in motion: overhead power lines, and ground level power through rail or induction. TRL lists overhead power as the most technologically mature solution which provides the highest levels of power, but the technology is unsuitable for non-commercial vehicles. Ground-level power is suitable for all vehicles, with rail being a mature solution with high transfer of power and easily accessible and inspected elements. Inductive charging delivers the least power and requires more roadside equipment than the alternatives.[80]: Appendix D
The European Commission published in 2021 a request for regulation and standardization of electric road systems.[83] Shortly afterward, a working group of the French Ministry of Ecology recommended adopting a European electric road standard formulated with Sweden, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Poland, and others.[84] The first standard for electrical equipment on-board a vehicle powered by a rail electric road system (ERS), CENELEC Technical Standard 50717, has been approved in late 2022.[85] Following standards, encompassing "full interoperability" and a "unified and interoperable solution" for ground-level power supply, are scheduled to be published by the end 2024, detailing complete "specifications for communication and power supply through conductive rails embedded in the road".[86][87]
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